Definition
Traditional sports are those in which the athlete does not measure his skill using electronics. It includes those who can use computers such as chess, but that is not necessary.
Main points
Rules and regulation
To extract the main points of the rules in the three sports reviewed (football, archery and chess) official international federation rules were used. The sources are entirely reliable and trustable because that is the standard used by all official competitions.
Basic overview
Football
Consist of a 90 minutes match between two teams of twelve players in a football field. Only one in each team can operate the ball with the hand while in play. It has extensive rules of misconduct. Punishment consists in return the possession of the ball by a "foul" or withdraws the player from the field without replacement depending on the rule broken. The main purpose is to take the ball to the opposing team's goal. Wins who get a higher number of goals.[1]
Target Archery
Archery competitions may be indoors or outdoors. “Whistle signals are used to notice the different parts of shooting” [3]. “That is called an 'end'. For a 1440 round, outdoor distances range from 30m to 90m for senior Gentlemen archers, and 30m to 70m for Ladies. An archer shoots either 3 or 6 arrows per end, depending on the type of round. Shooters retrieve their arrows after each end.”[3]
Chess
Chess is a board game for two players played on a “checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid”. [2] Each player has 16 pieces. The different pieces moves in different ways, with the handiest being the queen and the least powerful the pawn. The objective is to checkmate by putting the opponent’s king in a position of capture without a way of escape. [2]
Valuable skills
“Power, speed, strength, agility and physical size seem to be determinant in several types of sports, in particular, contact sports.” [4] Even so, other sports have different skills requirements. “Archery’s essential skills seem to be visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis, eye-hand coordination, eye-body coordination and visual response”[5] while chess players are more likely to perform better in cognitive ability test.[6]
Bibliography
[1] Fifa.com. (2019). [online] Available at: http://fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/federation/laws_of_the_game_0708_10565.pdf [Accessed 1 Jan. 2007].
[2] Fide.com. (2019). Handbook. [online] Available at: http://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=207&view=article [Accessed 22 Feb. 2019].
[3] World Archery. (2019). Rulebook | World Archery. [online] Available at: https://worldarchery.org/rulebook/ [Accessed 22 Feb. 2019].
[4] Iguchi, J., Yamada, Y., Ando, S., Fujisawa, Y., Hojo, T., Nishimura, K., Kuzuhara, K., Yuasa, Y. and Ichihashi, N. (2011). Physical and Performance Characteristics of Japanese Division 1 Collegiate Football Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, [online] 25(12), pp.3368-3377. Available at: https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=3446471230002418&institutionId=2418&customerId=2415 [Accessed 22 Feb. 2019].
[5] Sala, G., Burgoyne, A., Macnamara, B., Hambrick, D., Campitelli, G. and Gobet, F. (2017). Checking the “Academic Selection” argument. Chess players outperform non-chess players in cognitive skills related to intelligence: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, [online] 61, pp.130-139. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289616301635 [Accessed 22 Feb. 2019].
[6] Strydom, B. (2010). The role of vision and visual skills in archery*. African Vision and Eye Health, [online] 69(1). Available at: https://doaj.org/article/38b7f7ea41f74875b4c1a5e698596f78 [Accessed 22 Feb. 2019].
Joan Manzanaro
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